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Week 11: Client/Server Computing (Part 2) 第 11 周:客户机/服务器计算(第二部分)

Core Concepts 核心概念

1. Intranets vs. Extranets (7.4 - 7.5)

  • Intranet: A secure, private network inside an enterprise accessible only to internal staff. Uses TCP/IP protocols to host private corporate services.
  • Extranet: An extension of the private network accessible to trusted external business partners, suppliers, or customers. Typically secured via VPNs or strict firewall rules.

2. Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) (7.6)

SOA is a design style where business processes are broken down into self-contained, loosely coupled services (APIs) communicating over standardized protocols. This allows rapid service reuse and flexible system integration across heterogeneous enterprise environments.

3. Cloud Computing Models (7.7)

  • Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): Provides virtualized computing resources (virtual machines, networks, storage) over the internet. (e.g. AWS EC2, Azure VM).
  • Platform as a Service (PaaS): Provides a hardware and software platform, letting developers build applications without managing servers. (e.g. Heroku, AWS Elastic Beanstalk).
  • Software as a Service (SaaS): Delivers fully functional software applications directly through a web browser. (e.g. Google Workspace, Salesforce).

1. 内联网与外联网 (7.4 - 7.5)

  • 内联网 (Intranet): 企业内部安全且私有的网络,仅限内部员工访问。使用 TCP/IP 协议来承载公司内部私有服务。
  • 外联网 (Extranet): 私有网络的延伸部分,允许受信任的外部合作伙伴、供应商或客户访问。通常通过 VPN 或严格的防火墙规则来保护。

2. 面向服务的架构 (SOA) (7.6)

SOA 是一种设计风格,其中业务流程被分解为独立的、松散耦合的服务 (API),并通过标准化协议进行通信。这允许在异构企业环境中快速复用服务和灵活的系统集成。

3. 云计算服务模型 (7.7)

  • 基础设施即服务 (IaaS): 通过互联网提供虚拟化的计算资源(虚拟机、网络、存储)。(例如 AWS EC2、Azure VM)。
  • 平台即服务 (PaaS): 提供硬件 and 软件平台,使开发人员能够构建应用程序而无需管理底层的服务器。(例如 Heroku、AWS Elastic Beanstalk)。
  • 软件即服务 (SaaS): 直接通过网页浏览器交付功能完整的应用软件。(例如 Google Workspace、Salesforce)。

Concept Visualization: Firewall Network Zones 概念可视化:防火墙网络区域

Intranet Internal Staff FIREWALL Extranet Partners/Vendors

Tips 提示

  • Firewall placement: Firewalls filter traffic using Access Control Lists (ACLs). Place them at network perimeters to drop unsolicited external incoming requests, blocking raw scans on internal ports.
  • Cloud Responsibility Model: In IaaS, you manage the OS, runtime, data, and applications. In PaaS, you manage only data and code. In SaaS, you manage only simple configuration settings.
  • 防火墙部署:防火墙使用访问控制列表 (ACL) 过滤流量。部署在网络边界以丢弃未请求的外部入站请求,从而防止对内部端口进行扫描。
  • 云服务共享责任模型:在 IaaS 中,你需要管理操作系统、运行时、数据和应用程序。在 PaaS 中,你只需管理数据和代码。在 SaaS 中,你只需管理简单的配置设置。

Practical Exercises & Step-by-Step Guide 实践练习与分步指南

Exercise 1: Configure Firewall ACL Rules 练习 1:配置防火墙 ACL 规则

Steps to configure:

  1. In Packet Tracer, open the Command Line Interface (CLI) of the boundary router.
  2. Create an Extended Access List (100-199 range) to block Telnet (port 23):
    Router(config)# access-list 101 deny tcp 192.168.20.0 0.0.0.255 192.168.10.0 0.0.0.255 eq 23
  3. Permit all other IP traffic (remember Cisco's implicit deny all at the end of ACLs!):
    Router(config)# access-list 101 permit ip any any
  4. Apply the Access List inbound on the interface facing the Extranet subnet:
    Router(config)# interface gigabitEthernet 0/1
    Router(config-if)# ip access-group 101 in
  5. Verify using show access-lists. Try to Telnet from an Extranet host to an Intranet IP; it should fail, while web traffic (HTTP/HTTPS) succeeds.

配置步骤:

  1. 在 Packet Tracer 中,打开边界路由器的命令行界面 (CLI)。
  2. 创建一个扩展访问控制列表(100-199 范围)以阻止 Telnet(端口 23):
    Router(config)# access-list 101 deny tcp 192.168.20.0 0.0.0.255 192.168.10.0 0.0.0.255 eq 23
  3. 允许所有其他 IP 流量(记住 Cisco 在 ACL 末尾的隐式“拒绝所有”!):
    Router(config)# access-list 101 permit ip any any
  4. 在面向外网子网的接口入方向应用该访问控制列表:
    Router(config)# interface gigabitEthernet 0/1
    Router(config-if)# ip access-group 101 in
  5. 使用命令 show access-lists 验证。尝试从外网主机 Telnet 到内网 IP;连接应被拒绝,而 Web 流量 (HTTP/HTTPS) 可以正常通过。

Exercise 2: Connect and Run Cloud Latency Diagnostics 练习 2:连接并运行云端延迟诊断

Steps to analyze:

  1. On a Windows host PC, open **PowerShell** or **Command Prompt**.
  2. Ping an AWS DynamoDB database endpoint in the Singapore region: ping dynamodb.ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com -n 10.
  3. Observe the output. Note the average round-trip time (RTT).
  4. Compare with a ping to the US East region: ping dynamodb.us-east-1.amazonaws.com -n 10.
  5. Analyze the difference. Singapore region RTT should be < 30ms, while US East RTT will be > 180ms due to geographical fiber physical distance delays.

分析步骤:

  1. 在 Windows 主机 PC 上,打开 **PowerShell** 或 **命令提示符**。
  2. Ping 位于新加坡区域的 AWS DynamoDB 数据库端点: ping dynamodb.ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com -n 10。
  3. 观察输出。记录平均往返时间 (RTT)。
  4. 与 ping 美国东部区域进行对比: ping dynamodb.us-east-1.amazonaws.com -n 10。
  5. 分析差异。由于地理光纤物理距离传输延迟,新加坡的 RTT 应小于 30 毫秒,而美东的 RTT 应大于 180 毫秒。

Self-Check Practice Questions 自测练习题

1. Identify which client type executes only the user interface presentation locally while the server runs all application logic. 识别哪种客户端类型仅在本地执行用户界面呈现,而服务器运行所有应用逻辑。

2. Describe the primary role of middleware in client/server systems. 描述中间件在客户机/服务器系统中的主要作用。

3. Identify which tier in a 3-tier architecture hosts the business and application logic. 识别三层架构中哪一层承载了业务和应用逻辑。

4. Identify the standard destination TCP port used for MySQL database connections. 识别用于 MySQL 数据库连接的标准目标 TCP 端口。

5. Compare the key operational differences between thin and thick clients. 对比瘦客户端与胖客户端之间的核心运行差异。

6. Identify the standard destination TCP port used for Microsoft SQL Server database connections. 识别用于 Microsoft SQL Server 数据库连接的标准目标 TCP 端口。

7. Define what middleware represents in enterprise networks. 定义企业网络中中间件所代表的角色。

8. Describe the function of the application server tier in 3-tier database applications. 描述三层数据库应用中应用服务器层的功能。

Vocabulary Matching Game 词汇配对游戏

Match the zone or service model on the left with its definition on the right. (Click a term, then click its matching definition). 将左侧的区域或服务模型与右侧的定义进行配对。(点击术语,然后点击匹配的定义)。

Intranet
Extranet
IaaS model
PaaS model
SaaS model
Platform for app developers with no server OS VM management 为开发人员提供硬件和开发平台,而无需管理底层系统虚拟机
Boundary network secure extension for trusted external partners 为受信任的外部企业合作伙伴或供应商提供受限访问的边界网络
Secure private network accessible only to internal employees 安全、私有且仅限企业内部员工访问的局域专用网络
Fully functional application software delivered through web browser 通过网页浏览器直接交互和使用的功能完整应用软件产品
Virtualized computing hardware, storage, and networking over internet 通过互联网提供底层的虚拟化服务器、存储器和网络带宽设备